Healthy Ageing And Challenges To Health For Older Persons - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Healthy Ageing And Challenges To Health For Older Persons. Answer: Introduction The rate of aging in global population is increasing day by day. This phenomenon is occurring in a time when the scale and rate of man made changes in the environment is exceeding the highest levels of ecological limitations. According to World Health Organization (2017), about 15% of adults aged 60 and over suffer from a mental disorder. The biophysical issues related to aging is not much discussed in the society however, the effects of such issues are life threatening in the elderly population of the society (Berryman et al 2012). The psychosocial approach as well, looks at these elderly people in relation with the combined influence of social factors surrounding environment, and psychosocial factors (Keefe et al 2013). These approach talks about these above-mentioned factors on the mental and physical wellness. To discuss these issues, the critical analysis will discuss the case of Marika, who is in her 80s and is suffering from several disorders such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, hypertension, falls, overweight and delirium as well. She is currently living in an old age care home and suffering from these biophysical and psychosocial issues. This critical analysis is going to discuss her issues about osteoporosis and osteoarthritis with a proper clinical intervention and care plan to help her age in a healthy way. Pathophysiology As Marika is suffering from osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, hypertension, falls, and delirium, the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis and osteoporosis has been discussed. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis- the cartridge is a unique tissue that has several compressive and viscoelastic properties that is imparted by its extracellular matrix. This cartridge is made up of type two collagen and proteoglycans (Sankar et al. 2013). In normal condition, this matrix undergoes a remodeling process in which, lower level of synthetic and degradative enzymes are formed, that balances the overall activities and the volume of the cartridge is maintained. However, in the case of Osteoarthritis, expression of those degradative enzymes becomes higher than that of the synthesizer enzymes, leading to the shift the balance in the favor of overall degradation of the bones. This leads to loss of collagen and proteoglycans from the matrix. Hence, the bones becomes weaker (Olivotto et al. 2015). Due to the loss of those two building blocks of cartridge, chondrocytes produces elevated amounts of proteoglycans and collagens, however as the disease continues, the synthesize outm atched the degradation and leads to fibrillations, cracklings and erosions in the superficial layer of cartilage. These cracklings progresses to the deeper layers over time leading to clinically observable cracklings and erosions (Pesesse et al. 2014). Pathophysiology of Osteoporosis - The condition of osteoporosis is mainly the reduction in skeletal mass that has been caused by the imbalance between bone reabsorption and bone formation. In normal physiological conditions, the reabsorption and the bone formation are present in balance however; increase or decrease in either factor can lead to the condition of osteoporosis (Armas and Recker 2012). The cause of osteoporosis can be failure in the formation of bones and reaching the peak bone mass, during the young age, that causes loss of bones in the later period of life. Hormonal status can be another factor to cause osteoporosis. Aging and the loss in the gonadal functions are also the reasons behind the occurrence of the osteoporosis. As the menopause occurs, the rate of bone loss accelerates in women. Estrogen deficiency is a prime reason of the factors that influences the process of bone loss in elderly women (Drake, Clarke and Lewiecki 2015). Due to these health problems, Marika is suffering from falls, delirium and hypertension. Investigation and tests Investigation of these diseases in Marika can be done using different pathophysiological tests. The diagnosis processes that can be used to investigate the level of osteoporosis are- Complete blood count test should be done to investigate the occurrence of anemia in Marika. In bone marrow, the level of cartridge determines the activities of bone reabsorption and bone formation. Hence, anemic patients can acquire this disease condition (Pisani et al. 2013). Serum chemistry tests to determine the levels of it in blood serum. However, if the patient is suffering from primary osteoporosis, the level will be normal in their serum. Hypercalciuria is another factor that can lead to the osteoporotic condition. Furthermore, the investigation, to determine the presence of intact para-thyroids and urine pH may indicate to these conditions. Hence, a 24-hour urine calcium or creatinine level is diagnosed to understand the reason for osteoporosis (Cosman et al. 2014). Serum protein electrophoresis can be done to determine the presence of multiple myeloma. Moreover, 25-hydroxyvitamin D level can be determined as the deficiency in this kind of protein can lead to the occurrence of the disorder. Diagnosis procedures for the osteoarthritis can be- Magnetic resonance imagination or MRI and X-rays can be done to get a clear idea and image of the affected joints. However, cartilage cannot be seen through X-rays but the loss of cartilage can be observed by seeing the narrowing of the space between joint bones. MRI used radio waves and a magnetic fields to generate a detailed image of the bone and the tissues that are been affected by the presence of osteoarthritis (Aicher and Rolauffs 2014). Other than these imaging tests, different lab tests should be performed to understand the co-morbid situations of the presence of this disease. Joint fluid analysis is such a test that determines the fluid present in joints. The diagnosis includes extraction of fluid from the joints to determine the cause of inflammation is due to either infection or some other physiological condition (Loeser et al. 2012). Clinical manifestation The primary signs and symptoms for Marikas osteoarthritis included- Pain, the joint s of Marika used to hurt during and after movements. The pain became adverse with every day passing. Tenderness and stiffness in the joints. She used to feel tenderness in her joints while applying minimal pressure to it. She also felt stiffness after inactivity and waking up in the morning. Loss of flexibility and bone spurs were her secondary signs and symptoms for osteoarthritis (Aaseth, Boivin and Andersen 2012). Symptoms of osteoporosis includes Acute pain in the joints occurs after her fall. After this, she became prone to falls. The history of falls has caused the incidences of deliriums (Braun and Gold 2012). She was suffering from sharp pain in her joints and paravertebral muscle spasms that decreased when was lying and increases during activities. Hence, osteoporosis was detected. The pain was localized in the vertebral level and in lower thoracic (Castaeda et al. 2013). Clinical course of condition The clinical course of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis can be better understood by Marikas history of diseases. There are three levels for the etiopathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Marika is currently suffering from acute phase of arthritis hence; her pain is of the sharp level and cannot be controlled by physiotherapies of medication. In early stages the joint were appearing normal and was little tender and stiff while inactive. However, due to several course of falls. The pain become inevitable and joints become weaker (Pisters et al. 2012). As per her symptoms. Marika is suffering from acute phase of osteoporosis as well. The MRI and X-ray reports has cleared the fact that her bone has become narrower due to the loss of calcium and several pores are present in it. Initially her pain used to be controlled by some analgesics; however, nowadays it has become intolerable. Most common treatment Osteoporosis The most common treatment for osteoporosis involves bisphosphonates that are the most common kind of medication that has been provided to a patient of osteoporosis. The drugs that are commonly used are Alendronate, Risedronate, Ibandronate and Zoledronic acid. Hormones also plays an important role in the occurrence of the osteoporosis, hence ingestion of small amount of hormones are also prescribed. Denosumab are recent invented drugs that are currently used in the osteoporosis that reduces the risk associated with this disease (Das and Crockett 2013). Osteoarthritis Acetaminophin are drugs that are currently been used to control the pain in the acute phase of osteoarthritis. These drugs are superior to NSAIDs that are primary pain relief medication provided. NSAIDs or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents are drugs that are used to limit the adverse pain in the osteoarthritis. It inhibits the prostaglandin generating enzyme COX that leads to decrease in the inflammatory symptoms leading to decreased pain. Another major medication that has been used commonly to reduce the pain in osteoarthritis are COX-2 inhibitors. It also inhibits the prostaglandin synthase enzyme leading to the decrease in the inflammatory symptoms (Sinusas 2012). Conclusion Aging is the most difficult phase for human being as the dependency on others affect the elderly people more effectively than any other health condition. Furthermore, presence of adverse health conditions increases their dependency, leading to hypertension. Marika lives in an old age care home and is suffering from several diseases. Due to the level of dependency, she is suffering from hypertension, which is the prime reason for her overweight body. She has a history of falls and due to which she used to feel severe pain in her joints. This is later diagnosed as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis of acute level. In this critical analysis, the sign, symptoms and the diagnosis process for her disease has been mentioned. Current medication that are being used to treat these bone disease has been discussed. The pathophysiology has also been discussed. A detailed care plan, including the interventions, goals and objectives, rationale and evaluation for these interventions has been mentioned in a tabular format that has been attached in the appendix section. References Aaseth, J., Boivin, G. and Andersen, O., 2012. Osteoporosis and trace elementsan overview.Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology,26(2), pp.149-152. Aicher, W.K. and Rolauffs, B., 2014. The spatial organisation of joint surface chondrocytes: review of its potential roles in tissue functioning, disease and early, preclinical diagnosis of osteoarthritis.Annals of the rheumatic diseases,73(4), pp.645-653. Armas, L.A. and Recker, R.R., 2012. Pathophysiology of osteoporosis: new mechanistic insights.Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America,41(3), pp.475-486. Berryman, S.N., Jennings, J., Ragsdale, S., Lofton, T., Huff, D.C. and Rooker, J.S., 2012. Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults.Medsurg Nursing,21(3), p.129. Braun, H.J. and Gold, G.E., 2012. Diagnosis of osteoarthritis: imaging.Bone,51(2), pp.278-288. Castaeda, S., Roman-Blas, J.A., Largo, R. and Herrero-Beaumont, G., 2013. Osteoarthritis: a progressive disease with changing phenotypes. Cosman, F., De Beur, S.J., LeBoff, M.S., Lewiecki, E.M., Tanner, B., Randall, S. and Lindsay, R., 2014. Clinicians guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.Osteoporosis international,25(10), pp.2359-2381. Das, S. and Crockett, J.C., 2013. Osteoporosisa current view of pharmacological prevention and treatment.Drug design, development and therapy,7, p.435. Drake, M.T., Clarke, B.L. and Lewiecki, E.M., 2015. The pathophysiology and treatment of osteoporosis.Clinical therapeutics,37(8), pp.1837-1850. Keefe, F.J., Porter, L., Somers, T., Shelby, R. and Wren, A.V., 2013. Psychosocial interventions for managing pain in older adults: outcomes and clinical implications.British journal of anaesthesia,111(1), pp.89-94. Loeser, R.F., Goldring, S.R., Scanzello, C.R. and Goldring, M.B., 2012. Osteoarthritis: a disease of the joint as an organ.Arthritis Rheumatology,64(6), pp.1697-1707. Olivotto, E., Otero, M., Marcu, K.B. and Goldring, M.B., 2015. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis: canonical NF-B/IKK-dependent and kinase-independent effects of IKK in cartilage degradation and chondrocyte differentiation.RMD open,1(Suppl 1), p.e000061. Pesesse, L., Sanchez, C., Walsh, D.A., Delcour, J.P., Baudouin, C., Msika, P. and Henrotin, Y., 2014. Bone sialoprotein as a potential key factor implicated in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.Osteoarthritis and cartilage,22(4), pp.547-556. Pisani, P., Renna, M.D., Conversano, F., Casciaro, E., Muratore, M., Quarta, E., Di Paola, M. and Casciaro, S., 2013. Screening and early diagnosis of osteoporosis through X-ray and ultrasound based techniques.World journal of radiology,5(11), p.398. Pisters, M.F., Veenhof, C., Van Dijk, G.M., Heymans, M.W., Twisk, J.W.R. and Dekker, J., 2012. The course of limitations in activities over 5 years in patients with knee and hip osteoarthritis with moderate functional limitations: risk factors for future functional decline.Osteoarthritis and cartilage,20(6), pp.503-510. Sankar, W.N., Nevitt, M., Parvizi, J., Felson, D.T. and Leunig, M., 2013. Femoroacetabular impingement: defining the condition and its role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,21, pp.S7-S15. Sinusas, K., 2012. Osteoarthritis: diagnosis and treatment.American family physician,85(1). World Health Organization (2017).Mental health and older adults. [online] World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ [Accessed 22 Oct. 2017]. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G. and Ciliska, D., 2014.Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Dunphy, L.M., Winland-Brown, J., Porter, B. and Thomas, D., 2015.Primary care: Art and science of advanced practice nursing. FA Davis. Gordon, M., 2014.Manual ofnursing diagnosis. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Gulanick, M. and Myers, J.L., 2013.Nursing Care Plans-E-Book: Nursing Diagnosis and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Why Everybody Is Talking About Report Writing Format...The Simple Truth Revealed

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What Are Some Interesting Essay Topics On Mao Era Art?

What Are Some Interesting Essay Topics On Mao Era Art?Some political and philosophical essays are better suited to essay topics based on the Chinese revolution or Mao era art, such as 'Art and Revolution in Mao's China'. However, the essay could also be a study of other aspects of political and intellectual history. Some topics which are suitable for this type of essay are:Essays on the Mao era art will have different goals and are open to different kinds of interests. One popular topic is the development of art during this period, focusing on the artistic experiments, which were used by the CCP to attack and destroy various political parties and dissidents. This is particularly relevant to any literature concerning the arts, especially post-colonial studies.The essay can be organised into several sections. The first section may be about the artwork, the second about its future and the third about the political situation in the period after the collapse of the cultural revolution.Wri ters interested in writing an essay on the Chinese revolution or Mao era art should select a wide range of topics. The subjects can include: art of the period, the politics surrounding it, its role in popular culture, its influence on politics and on art and philosophy, its impact on the past and the present, and its influence on the future. Any essay on this subject will focus on the various works of art produced by the party.Writers interested in the Chinese experience will benefit from an essay topic that covers the political and cultural aspects of the period. On the other hand, scholars will want to look at the Mao era art in a comparative context. For example, a scholar could discuss different works of art during the Mao period in relation to those produced during the late nineteenth century or the early twentieth century.To write an essay topic on the cultural revolution in China, writers must look at a number of aspects. They need to work out the Chinese literary movements i nvolved in the movement. Also, they need to find out the artists and their contributions to the cultural revolution.In order to write an essay topic on Mao era art, one has to go through a number of topics before concluding on what particular writings are about. Writers need to consider the cultural experiences of artists during the art movement, the effects on art during the cultural revolution, and its influence on later art in China.Since so much has been written about the artistic creativity and the impact of the movement on art, there is no shortage of topics. And writing an essay on the topic will benefit not only the writer but the reader as well.

Application Essay Topics For Cambridge First Certificate

Application Essay Topics For Cambridge First CertificateIt can be fun to do your first application essay for Cambridge first certificate. The great thing about Cambridge is that they have a broad selection of subjects that you can study in order to make sure that you get the most out of your courses. Knowing what subjects to study and what subjects to not take into consideration will allow you to focus on the topics that you think will help you land a good degree at Cambridge.The first thing that you should know when it comes to applying for Cambridge first is that if you're applying for a certificate in nursing then you need to know the differences between an English and a Baccalaureate level English course. They are very different courses, and it is important that you know this before you submit your application. You also need to know that there are some subjects that you cannot use in order to prove that you have a well rounded education. These subjects include business, music, dr ama, biology, foreign languages, architecture, and so forth.A lot of people fail their first application essay for Cambridge because they do not take their time and they write it quickly. This can be a little difficult because you have to fill up the application form in a very short amount of time. There are some tips that you can follow to help you with this process. One of the best ways to get a good grade in your first application essay is to focus on the subject that you love.If you are planning on writing a thesis in a class, try to think of an interesting subject that you would like to write about. This will allow you to get a much better grade than if you chose the wrong subject for your first essay.You also want to consider whether or not you need to talk about these topics or if you can talk about other topics in your essay as well. You might need to choose between two or three topics to make sure that you get the best grade possible.By putting all of these different topics in a proper order, you will be able to make sure that you get a good grade in your application essay. Remember that by knowing where you want to go in life, it is always going to be easier to write an essay that tells them why you chose to go in that direction.Making your first application essay for Cambridge really fun can be difficult if you do not take the time to do it right. There are a lot of things that you need to know before you submit your application. By looking at the subjects that you like and putting them in a good order, you will be able to have a good grade in your first application essay.

How Can I Get a Fast Essay From Toefl?

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Plain English free essay sample

The SEC is concerned that corporations use â€Å"plain English† in their filings because the disclosure documents need to be easy to be understood by the readers such as investors, brokers, and investment advisers. As many readers do not have background knowledge in accounting, law or investment banking, corporations should communicate the complex information disclosed clearly in an everyday language the readers can understand, plain English, instead of legalese and technical terms. If corporations use plain English to file their documents, it will be easier for investors to know more about their investments and the corporations they are investing in. Moreover, investors will be more likely to catch the important information necessary to make informed decisions of whether they should hold or sell their shares. Use of plain English also helps brokers and investment advisers to understand disclosure documents easily and make good recommendations to their clients quickly. Overall, effective communication with investors and other readers using plain English can help corporations have better relationships with them and minimize the costs of dealing with confused readers. We will write a custom essay sample on Plain English or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thus, switching to plain English is a good business decision for many companies. The SEC has created â€Å"A Plain English Handbook† to help corporations have a smooth transition from legalese to plain English in filing the documents. The handbook provides practical tips on how to create plain English disclosure documents and some examples of what has worked for others who already written their documents in plain English. Yet, as not all the tips will apply to every corporation or every document, it is completely free to choose the ones which work for the user as long as disclosure documents follow the SEC’s federal securities laws.

Proofreading for Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement

Proofreading for Errors in Subject-Verb Agreement These two proofreading exercises will give you practice in applying the rules of subject-verb agreement. After completing the exercises, compare your responses. Proofreading Exercise #1: A Fluke of Luck The following paragraph contains five errors in subject-verb agreement. Identify and correct the faulty verb forms. The sheep-liver fluke is a parasitic flatworm with a very complex life cycle. The fluke start life by hatching inside a snail. The fluke is then ejected from the snail in a ball of slime. These balls of slime is eaten by ants. The fluke digs its way through the ants body until it reach the ants brain. There, the fluke takes control of the ant by manipulating its nerves, thus turning the ant into its personal robot. Under the command of the fluke, the ant climb to the top of a blade of grass. If the fluke is in luck, the ant is eaten by a passing sheep. From the sheeps stomach, the fluke work its way hometo the liver. The Answers The sheep-liver fluke is a parasitic flatworm with a very complex life cycle. The fluke  starts  life by hatching inside a snail. The fluke is then ejected from the snail in a ball of slime. These balls of slime  are  eaten by ants. The fluke digs its way through the ants body until it  reaches  the ants brain. There, the fluke takes control of the ant by manipulating its nerves, thus turning the ant into its personal robot. Under the command of the fluke, the ant  climbs  to the top of a blade of grass. If the fluke is in luck, the ant is eaten by a passing sheep. From the sheeps stomach, the fluke  works  its way hometo the liver. Proofreading Exercise #2: Life Forms The following paragraph contains seven errors in subject-verb agreement. Identify and correct the faulty verb forms. Anomie Plaza, like all shopping plazas, were designed for automobiles rather than human beings. All natural life has been extinguished; even the weeds along the curb appears artificial. But somehow, amidst all the plastic, steel, and concrete, a solitary shrub manage to survive. The shrub, not in vigorous bloom but certainly alive, stand a few yards away from the entrance to Huxleys department store. It grows straight up through the concrete. Now and then a shopper pause to examine this odd life form, not for sale in any of the 67 stores. Occasionally, someone will glance around furtively and then break off a twig, slip it into a shopping bag, and hurry back to the parking lot. Why people do this are a mystery to me. Are such people intent on preserving life or destroying it? Whatever the case may be, the shrub so far ​have managed to survive all assaults. The Answers Anomie Plaza, like all shopping plazas,  was  designed for automobiles rather than human beings. All natural life has been extinguished; even the weeds along the curb  appear  artificial. But somehow, amidst all the plastic, steel, and concrete, a solitary shrub  manages  to survive. The shrub, not in vigorous bloom but certainly alive,  stands  a few yards away from the entrance to Huxleys department store. It grows straight up through the concrete. Now and then a shopper  pauses  to examine this odd life form, not for sale in any of the 67 stores. Occasionally, someone will glance around furtively and then break off a twig, slip it into a shopping bag, and hurry back to the parking lot. Why people do this  is  a mystery to me. Are such people intent on preserving life or destroying it? Whatever the case may be, the shrub so far  has  managed to survive all assaults.